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4.3.2 Page breaking
This section describes the different page breaking methods, and how to modify them.
| Manual page breaking | ||
| Optimal page breaking | ||
| Minimal page breaking | ||
| One-page page breaking | ||
| One-line page breaking | ||
| One-line-auto-height page breaking | ||
| Optimal page turning |
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Manual page breaking
The default page breaking may be overridden by inserting
\pageBreak or \noPageBreak commands. These commands
are analogous to \break and \noBreak. They should
be inserted at a bar line. These commands force and forbid a
page break from happening at that bar line. Of course, the
\pageBreak command also forces a line break.
The \pageBreak and \noPageBreak commands may also be
inserted at top-level, between scores and top-level markups.
Within a score, automatic page breaks are prevented within music
lying between \autoPageBreaksOff and \autoPageBreaksOn
commands. Manual page breaks are unaffected by these commands.
There are also analogous settings to ragged-right and
ragged-last which have the same effect on vertical spacing.
If ragged-bottom is set to #t the systems will not
be justified vertically. When ragged-last-bottom is set
to #t, as it is by default, empty space is allowed at the
bottom of the final page (or the final page in each
\bookpart). See
Fixed vertical spacing \paper variables.
Page breaks are computed by the page-breaking function.
LilyPond provides several algorithms for computing page breaks,
including ly:optimal-breaking, ly:page-turn-breaking and
ly:minimal-breaking. The default is
ly:optimal-breaking, but the value can be changed in the
\paper block:
\paper {
page-breaking = #ly:page-turn-breaking
}
When a book has many scores and pages, the page breaking problem
may be difficult to solve, requiring large processing time and
memory. To ease the page breaking process, \bookpart
blocks are used to divide the book into several parts: the page
breaking occurs separately on each part. Different page breaking
functions may also be used in different book parts.
\bookpart {
\header {
subtitle = "Preface"
}
\paper {
%% In a part consisting mostly of text,
%% ly:minimal-breaking may be preferred
page-breaking = #ly:minimal-breaking
}
\markup { … }
…
}
\bookpart {
%% In this part, consisting of music, the default optimal
%% page breaking function is used.
\header {
subtitle = "First movement"
}
\score { … }
…
}
Predefined commands
\pageBreak,
\noPageBreak,
\autoPageBreaksOn,
\autoPageBreaksOff.
See also
Notation Reference:
\paper variables for page breaking.
Snippets: Spacing.
Known issues and warnings
The \once prefix is ineffective with \autoPageBreaksOn
and \autoPageBreaksOff. If auto page breaking is off and is
then turned on to permit a page break, it must remain on for a few
bars (the precise number of bars depends on the score) before being
turned off, else the opportunity to break the page will not be taken.
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Optimal page breaking
The ly:optimal-breaking function is LilyPond’s default
method of determining page breaks. It attempts to find a page
breaking that minimizes cramping and stretching, both horizontally
and vertically. Unlike ly:page-turn-breaking, it has no
concept of page turns.
See also
Snippets: Spacing.
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Minimal page breaking
The ly:minimal-breaking function performs minimal
computations to calculate the page breaking: it fills a page with
as many systems as possible before moving to the next one. Thus,
it may be preferred for scores with many pages, where the other
page breaking functions could be too slow or memory demanding, or
a lot of texts. It is enabled using:
\paper {
page-breaking = #ly:minimal-breaking
}
See also
Snippets: Spacing.
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One-page page breaking
The ly:one-page-breaking function is a special-purpose
page breaking algorithm that automatically adjusts the page height to
fit the music, so that everything fits on a single page. The
paper-height variable in the paper block is ignored, but other
settings work as usual. In particular, the spacing between the last
system (or top level markup) and the footer can be customized with
last-bottom-spacing in the paper block. The width of the page
is left unmodified by default but can be set with paper-width
in the paper block.
Known issues and warnings
ly:one-page-breaking is not currently compatible with
\bookpart.
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One-line page breaking
The ly:one-line-breaking function is a special-purpose
page breaking algorithm that puts each score on its own page, and
on a single line. No titles or margins are typeset; only the score is
displayed.
The page width is adjusted so that the longest score fits on
one line. In particular, paper-width, line-width
and indent variables in the \paper block are ignored,
although left-margin and right-margin are still honored.
The height of the page is left unmodified.
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One-line-auto-height page breaking
The ly:one-line-auto-height-breaking function works just like
ly:one-line-breaking except the page height is automatically
modified to fit the height of the music. Specifically, the
paper-height variable in the \paper block is set so that
it spans the height of the tallest score plus the top-margin and
bottom-margin.
Note that the top-system-spacing setting will affect the
vertical position of the music. Set it to #f in a paper block
to simply place the music between the top and bottom margins.
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Optimal page turning
Often it is necessary to find a page breaking configuration so
that there is a rest at the end of every second page. This way,
the musician can turn the page without having to miss notes. The
ly:page-turn-breaking function attempts to find a page
breaking minimizing cramping and stretching, but with the
additional restriction that it is only allowed to introduce page
turns in specified places.
There are two steps to using this page breaking function. First,
you must enable it in the \paper block, as explained in
Page breaking. Then you must tell the function where you
would like to allow page breaks.
There are two ways to achieve the second step. First, you can
specify each potential page turn manually, by inserting
\allowPageTurn into your input file at the appropriate
places.
If this is too tedious, you can add a Page_turn_engraver to
a Staff or Voice context. The Page_turn_engraver will scan
the context for sections without notes (note that it does not scan
for rests; it scans for the absence of notes. This is so that
single-staff polyphony with rests in one of the parts does not
throw off the Page_turn_engraver). When it finds a
sufficiently long section without notes, the
Page_turn_engraver will insert an \allowPageTurn at
the final bar line in that section, unless there is a ‘special’
bar line (such as a double bar), in which case the
\allowPageTurn will be inserted at the final ‘special’
bar line in the section.
The Page_turn_engraver reads the context property
minimumPageTurnLength to determine how long a note-free
section must be before a page turn is considered. The default
value for minimumPageTurnLength is
(ly:make-moment 1/1). If you want to disable page turns,
set it to something ‘very large’.
\new Staff \with { \consists Page_turn_engraver }
{
a4 b c d |
R1 | % a page turn will be allowed here
a4 b c d |
\set Staff.minimumPageTurnLength = #(ly:make-moment 5/2)
R1 | % a page turn will not be allowed here
a4 b r2 |
R1*2 | % a page turn will be allowed here
a1
}
When using volta repeats, the Page_turn_engraver will only allow
a page turn during the repeat if there is enough time at the beginning
and end of the repeat to turn the page back. If the repeat is too
short then the Page_turn_engraver can be used to disable
page turns by setting an appropriate value for the context property
minimumRepeatLengthForPageTurn. In this case the
Page_turn_engraver will only allows turns in repeats whose
duration is longer than the value specified.
The page turning commands, \pageTurn, \noPageTurn and
\allowPageTurn, may also be used at top-level, in top-level
markups and between scores.
Predefined commands
\pageTurn,
\noPageTurn,
\allowPageTurn.
See also
Notation Reference:
\paper variables for line breaking.
Snippets: Spacing.
Known issues and warnings
Use only one Page_turn_engraver per score. If there are
more, they will interfere with each other.
See also
Notation Reference: Vertical spacing.
Snippets: Spacing.
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