LilyPond Notation Reference: 2.9.6 Working with ancient music

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2.9.6 Working with ancient music – scenarios and solutions

Working with ancient music frequently involves particular tasks which differ considerably from the modern notation for which LilyPond is designed. In the rest of this section, a number of typical scenarios are outlined, with suggestions of solutions. These involve:

how to make incipits (i.e., prefatory material to indicate what the original has looked like) to modern transcriptions of mensural music;
how to achieve the Mensurstriche layout frequently used for modern transcriptions of polyphonic music;
how to transcribe Gregorian chant in modern notation;
how to generate both ancient and modern notation from the same source.

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Incipits

It is customary when transcribing mensural music into modern notation to place an indication of how the initial rests and note or notes of the original version appeared – including the original clefs. This is called an incipit. The \incipit command uses the indent of the main staff to set the width occupied by the incipit, and incipit-width to set the width of the incipit staff.

\score {
  \new Staff <<
    \new Voice = Tenor {
      \set Staff.instrumentName = "Tenor"
      \override Staff.InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #RIGHT
      \incipit { \clef "mensural-c4" \key f \major r\breve r1 c'1 }
      \clef "treble_8"
      \key f \major
      R1 r2 c'2 |
      a4. c'8
    }
    \new Lyrics \lyricsto Tenor { Cyn -- thia your }
  >>
  \layout
  {
    indent = 5\cm
    incipit-width = 3\cm
  }
}

Known issues and warnings

Note that instrumentName must be set in the music for the incipit to be produced. If no instrument name is required then use \set Staff.instrumentName = "".

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Mensurstriche layout

Mensurstriche (‘mensuration lines’) is the accepted term for bar lines that are drawn between the staves of a system but not through the staves themselves. It is a common way to preserve the rhythmic appearance of the original, i.e., not having to break syncopated notes at bar lines, while still providing the orientation aids that bar lines give.

Mensurstriche, bar lines between but not through staves, can be printed by setting measureBarType to "-span|" and using a grouping context that allows span bars, such as StaffGroup.

\layout {
  \context {
    \Staff
    measureBarType = "-span|"
  }
}

music = \fixed c'' {
  c1
  d2 \section e2
  f1 \fine
}

\new StaffGroup <<
  \new Staff \music
  \new Staff \music
>>

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Transcribing Gregorian chant

Gregorian chant can be transcribed into modern notation with a number of simple tweaks.

Stems. The GregorianTranscriptionVoice context does not create stems. You can extend this behavior to other contexts by removing Stem_engraver:

\layout {
  …
  \context {
    \Voice
    \remove Stem_engraver
  }
}

Timing. For unmetered chant, there are several alternatives.

The Time_signature_engraver can be removed from the Staff context without any negative side effects. The alternative, to make it transparent, will leave an empty space in the score, since the invisible signature will still take up space.

In many cases, \set Score.timing = ##f will give good results. An alternative is to use \cadenzaOn and \cadenzaOff.

The predefined staff contexts for ancient music do not create measure bar lines. You can extend this behavior to all other contexts with \set Score.measureBarType = #'() or to particular staves with \set Staff.measureBarType = #'().

The predefined staff contexts for ancient music allow line breaks without bar lines. You can extend this behavior to all other contexts with \set Score.forbidBreakBetweenBarLines = ##f or to particular staves with \set Staff.forbidBreakBetweenBarLines = ##f.

A common type of transcription is recitativic chant where the repeated notes are indicated with a single breve. The text to the recitation tone can be dealt with in two different ways: either set as a single, left-aligned syllable:

\include "gregorian.ly"
chant = \relative {
  \clef "G_8"
  c'\breve c4 b4 a c2 c4 \divisioMaior
  c\breve c4 c f, f \finalis
}

verba = \lyricmode {
  \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #-1
  "Noctem quietam et" fi -- nem per -- fec -- tum
  \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #-1
  "concedat nobis Dominus" om -- ni -- po -- tens.
}
\score {
  \new GregorianTranscriptionStaff <<
    \new GregorianTranscriptionVoice = "melody" {
      \chant
    }
    \new GregorianTranscriptionLyrics = "one" {
      \lyricsto "melody" \verba
    }
  >>
}

This works fine, as long as the text doesn’t span a line break. If that is the case, an alternative is to add hidden notes to the score, as below.

In some transcription styles, stems are used occasionally, for example to indicate the transition from a single-tone recitative to a fixed melodic gesture. In these cases, one can use the Stem_engraver and manually \omit Stem and \undo \omit Stem.

\include "gregorian.ly"
chant = \relative {
  \clef "G_8"
  \set Score.timing = ##f
  \omit Stem
  c'\breve \hide NoteHead c c c c c
  \undo \hide NoteHead
  \undo \omit Stem \stemUp c4 b4 a
  \omit Stem c2 c4 \divisioMaior
  c\breve \hide NoteHead c c c c c c c
  \undo \hide NoteHead c4 c f, f \finalis
}

verba = \lyricmode {
  No -- ctem qui -- e -- tam et fi -- nem per -- fec -- tum
  con -- ce -- dat no -- bis Do -- mi -- nus om -- ni -- po -- tens.
}

\score {
  \new GregorianTranscriptionStaff <<
    \new GregorianTranscriptionVoice = "melody" {
      \chant
    }
    \new GregorianTranscriptionLyrics = "one" {
      \lyricsto "melody" \verba
    }
  >>
  \layout {
    \context {
      \GregorianTranscriptionVoice
      \consists Stem_engraver
    }
  }
}

Another common situation is transcription of neumatic or melismatic chants, i.e., chants with a varying number of notes to each syllable. In this case, one would want to set the syllable groups clearly apart, usually also the subdivisions of a longer melisma. One way to achieve this is to use a fixed \time, e.g., 1/4, and let each syllable or note group fill one of these measures, with the help of tuplets or shorter durations. If the bar lines and all other rhythmical indications are made transparent, and the space around the bar lines is increased, this will give a fairly good representation in modern notation of the original.

To avoid that syllables of different width (such as “-ri” and “-rum”) spread the syllable note groups unevenly apart, the X-extent property of the LyricText object may be set to a fixed value. Another, more cumbersome way would be to add the syllables as \markup elements. If further adjustments are necessary, this can be easily done with s ‘notes’.

spiritus = \relative {
  \time 1/4
  \override Lyrics.LyricText.X-extent  = #'(0 . 3)
  d'4 \tuplet 3/2 { f8 a g } g a a4 g f8 e
  d4 f8 g g8 d f g a g f4 g8 a a4  s
  \tuplet 3/2 { g8 f d } e f g a g4
}

spirLyr = \lyricmode {
  Spi -- ri -- _ _ tus  _ Do -- mi -- ni  _ re -- ple -- _ vit _
  or -- _ bem _  ter -- ra -- _ rum, al -- _ _ le -- _ lu
  -- _ ia.
}
\score {
  \new GregorianTranscriptionStaff <<
    \new GregorianTranscriptionVoice = "chant" {
      \spiritus
    }
    \new GregorianTranscriptionLyrics = "one" {
      \lyricsto "chant" \spirLyr
    }
  >>
  \layout {
    \context {
      \GregorianTranscriptionStaff
      measureBarType = ""
      \override BarLine.X-extent = #'(-1 . 1)
      \hide Beam
      \hide TupletNumber
      \hide TupletBracket
    }
  }
}

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Ancient and modern from one source

Using tags to produce mensural and modern music from the same source

Using tags, it is possible to produce both mensural and modern notation from the same music. In this snippet, a function menrest is introduced, allowing mensural rests to be pitched as in the original, but with modern rests in the standard staff position. Tags can also be used where other differences are needed: for example using “whole measure rests” (R1, R\breve, etc.) in modern music, but normal rests (r1, r\breve, etc.) in the mensural version. Converting mensural music to its modern equivalent is usually referred to as “transcription”.

menrest = #(define-music-function (note)
  (ly:music?)
#{
    \tag #'mens $(make-music 'RestEvent note)
    \tag #'mod $(make-music 'RestEvent note 'pitch '())
#})

MenStyle = {
  \autoBeamOff
  \override NoteHead.style = #'petrucci
  \override Score.BarNumber.transparent = ##t
  \override Stem.neutral-direction = #up
}

finalis = \section

Music = \relative c'' {
  \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t
  \key f \major
  \time 4/4
  g1 d'2 \menrest bes4 bes2 a2 r4 g4 fis2.
  \finalis
}

MenLyr = \lyricmode { So farre, deere life, deare life }
ModLyr = \lyricmode { So far, dear life, dear life }

\score {
  \keepWithTag #'mens {
    <<
      \new MensuralStaff
      {
        \new MensuralVoice = Cantus
          \clef "mensural-c1" \MenStyle \Music
      }
      \new Lyrics \lyricsto Cantus \MenLyr
    >>
  }
}

\score {
  \keepWithTag #'mod {
    \new ChoirStaff <<
      \new Staff
      {
        \new Voice = Sop \with {
          \remove "Note_heads_engraver"
          \consists "Completion_heads_engraver"
          \remove "Rest_engraver"
          \consists "Completion_rest_engraver" }
        {
          \shiftDurations #1 #0 { \autoBeamOff \Music }
        }
      }
      \new Lyrics \lyricsto Sop \ModLyr
    >>
  }
}

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