LilyPond Notation Reference: 2.9.2 Ancient notation

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2.9.2 Ancient notation – common features

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Predefined contexts

For Gregorian chant and mensural notation, there are predefined voice and staff contexts available, which set all the various notation signs to values suitable for these styles. If one is satisfied with these defaults, one can proceed directly with note entry without worrying about the details on how to customize a context. See one of the predefined contexts VaticanaVoice, VaticanaStaff, MensuralVoice, MensuralStaff, KievanVoice, and KievanStaff.

Ligatures

A ligature is a graphical symbol that represents at least two distinct notes. Ligatures originally appeared in the manuscripts of Gregorian chant notation to denote ascending or descending sequences of notes on the same syllable. They are also used in mensural notation.

Ligatures are entered by enclosing them in \[ and \]. Some ligature styles may need additional input syntax specific for this particular type of ligature. By default, the LigatureBracket engraver just puts a square bracket above the ligature.

\relative {
  \[ g' c, a' f d' \]
  a g f
  \[ e f a g \]
}

Three other ligature styles are available: ‘Vaticana’ for Gregorian chant, ‘Mensural’ for mensural music (only white mensural ligatures are supported for mensural music, and with certain limitations), and ‘Kievan’ for Kievan melismata. To use any of these styles, the default Ligature_bracket_engraver has to be replaced with one of the specialized ligature engravers in the Voice context. For more information, see White mensural ligatures, Gregorian square neume ligatures, and Kievan melismata.

Known issues and warnings

Spacing required for ligatures is not currently implemented and, as a result, there may end up being too much space between them. Line breaking may also be unsatisfactory.

Lyrics might not align as expected when using ligatures.

Accidentals must not be printed within a ligature, but instead be collected and printed in front of it.

The syntax still uses the deprecated “infix” style \[ music expr \]. For consistency reasons, it will eventually be changed to “postfix” style note\[ … note\].

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Custodes

A custos (plural: custodes; Latin word for “guard”) is a symbol that appears at the end of a staff. It anticipates the pitch of the first note of the following line, thus helping the performer to manage line breaks during performance.

Custodes were frequently used in music notation until the seventeenth century. Nowadays, they have survived only in a few particular forms of musical notation such as contemporary editions of Gregorian chant like the Editio Vaticana. There are different custos glyphs used in different flavors of notational style.

For typesetting custodes, just put a Custos_engraver into the Staff context when declaring the \layout block, and change the style of the custos with an \override if desired, as shown in the following example:

\score {
  \relative {
    a'1
    \break
    g
  }
  \layout {
    \context {
      \Staff
      \consists Custos_engraver
      \override Custos.style = #'mensural
    }
  }
}

The custos glyph is selected by the style property. The styles supported are vaticana, medicaea, hufnagel, and mensural.

\new Lyrics \lyricmode {
  \markup { \column {
    \typewriter "vaticana "
    \line { " " \musicglyph "custodes.vaticana.u0" }
  } }
  \markup { \column {
    \typewriter "medicaea "
    \line { " " \musicglyph "custodes.medicaea.u0" }
  }}
  \markup { \column {
    \typewriter "hufnagel "
    \line { " " \musicglyph "custodes.hufnagel.u0" }
  }}
  \markup { \column {
    \typewriter "mensural "
    \line { " " \musicglyph "custodes.mensural.u0" }
  }}
}

2.9.2 Ancient notation – common features

Predefined contexts

See also

Ligatures

See also

Known issues and warnings

Custodes

See also

LilyPond — Notation Reference v2.24.4 (stable-branch).