LilyPond — Frammenti

Un ambitus per voce

L’ambitus può essere specificato per voce. In tal caso occorre spostarlo manualmente per evitare collisioni.

\new Staff <<
  \new Voice \with {
    \consists "Ambitus_engraver"
  } \relative c'' {
    \override Ambitus.X-offset = 2.0
    \voiceOne
    c4 a d e
    f1
  }
  \new Voice \with {
    \consists "Ambitus_engraver"
  } \relative c' {
    \voiceTwo
    es4 f g as
    b1
  }
>>

Aggiungere un segno di ottava a una sola voce

Se il rigo ha più di una voce, l’ottavazione in una voce trasporrà la posizione delle note in tutte le voci per la durata della parentesi dell’ottava. Se si intende applicare l’ottavazione a una sola voce, occorre spostare l’incisore Ottava_spanner_engraver nel contesto Voice.

\layout {
  \context {
    \Staff
    \remove Ottava_spanner_engraver
  }
  \context {
    \Voice
    \consists Ottava_spanner_engraver
  }
}

{
  \clef bass
  << { <g d'>1~ q2 <c' e'> }
  \\
    {
      r2.
      \ottava -1
      <b,,, b,,>4 ~ |
      q2
      \ottava 0
      <c e>2
    }
  >>
}

Teste di nota Aiken variante sottile

Le teste di nota Aiken bianche sono più difficili da leggere a dimensioni del rigo più piccole, specialmente coi tagli addizionali. Perdendo lo spazio bianco interno le fa apparire come note di un quarto.

\score {
  {
    \aikenHeads
    c''2 a' c' a

    % Switch to thin-variant noteheads
    \set shapeNoteStyles = ##(doThin reThin miThin
                              faThin sol laThin tiThin)
    c'' a' c' a
  }
}

Altering the length of beamed stems

Stem lengths on beamed notes can be varied by overriding the beamed-lengths property of the details of the Stem. If a single value is used as an argument, the length applies to all stems. When multiple arguments are used, the first applies to eighth notes, the second to sixteenth notes and so on. The final argument also applies to all notes shorter than the note length of the final argument. Non-integer arguments may also be used.

\relative c'' {
  \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(2)
  a8[ a] a16[ a] a32[ a]
  \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(8 10 12)
  a8[ a] a16[ a] a32[ a] r8
  \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(8)
  a8[ a]
  \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(8.5)
  a8[ a]
  \revert Stem.details.beamed-lengths
  a8[ a] a16[ a] a32[ a] r16
}

Ambitus

Ambitus indicate pitch ranges for voices.

Accidentals only show up if they are not part of the key signature. AmbitusNoteHead grobs also have ledger lines.

\layout {
  \context {
    \Voice
    \consists "Ambitus_engraver"
  }
}

<<
  \new Staff {
    \relative c' {
      \time 2/4
      c4 f'
    }
  }
  \new Staff {
    \relative c' {
      \time  2/4
      \key d \major
      cis4 as'
    }
  }
>>

Ambitus dopo armatura di chiave

Per impostazione predefinita, gli ambitus sono posizionati a sinistra della chiave. La funzione \ambitusAfter permette di cambiare questo posizionamento. La sintassi è \ambitusAfter grob-interface (vedi Graphical Object Interfaces per un elenco dei possibili valori per grob-interface.)

Un caso d’uso comune è il posizionamento dell’ambitus tra l’armatura di chiave e l’indicazione di tempo.

\new Staff \with {
  \consists Ambitus_engraver
} \relative {
  \ambitusAfter key-signature
  \key d \major
  es'8 g bes cis d2
}

Ambitus su più voci

Se si aggiunge l’incisore Ambitus_engraver al contesto Staff viene creato un solo ambitus per il rigo, anche nel caso di righi che hanno più voci.

\new Staff \with {
  \consists "Ambitus_engraver"
  }
<<
  \new Voice \relative c'' {
    \voiceOne
    c4 a d e
    f1
  }
  \new Voice \relative c' {
    \voiceTwo
    es4 f g as
    b1
  }
>>

Applicazione degli stili delle teste di nota in base al grado della scala

La proprietà shapeNoteStyles può essere usata per definire vari stili di teste di nota per ogni grado della scala (definita dall’armatura di chiave o dalla proprietà tonic). Questa proprietà richiede un insieme di simboli, che può essere puramente arbitrario (sono permesse espressioni geometriche come triangle, cross e xcircle) o basato sull’antica tradizione tipografica americana (sono consentiti anche alcuni nomi di nota latini).

Detto questo, per imitare gli antichi canzionieri americani, ci sono vari stili predefiniti disponibili attraverso dei comodi comandi come \aikenHeads o \sacredHarpHeads.

Questo esempio mostra modi diversi di ottenere teste di nota di varie forme e illustra la possibilità di trasporre una melodia senza perdere la corrispondenza tra le funzioni armoniche e gli stili delle teste.

fragment = {
  \key c \major
  c2 d
  e2 f
  g2 a
  b2 c
}

\new Staff {
  \transpose c d
  \relative c' {
    \set shapeNoteStyles = ##(do re mi fa
                               #f la ti)
    \fragment
  }

  \break

  \relative c' {
    \set shapeNoteStyles = ##(cross triangle fa #f
                               mensural xcircle diamond)
    \fragment
  }
}

Cambiare automaticamente la direzione del gambo della nota centrale in base alla melodia

LilyPond può modificare la direzione del gambo della nota centrale di un rigo in modo che segua la melodia: occorre aggiungere l’incisore Melody_engraver al contesto Voice.

La proprietà di contesto suspendMelodyDecisions può essere usata per disattivare questo comportamento localmente.

\relative c'' {
  \time 3/4
  a8 b g f b g |
  \set suspendMelodyDecisions = ##t
  a  b g f b g |
  \unset suspendMelodyDecisions
  c  b d c b c |
}

\layout {
  \context {
    \Voice
    \consists "Melody_engraver"
    \autoBeamOff
  }
}

Changing ottava text

Internally, \ottava sets the properties ottavation (for example, to 8va or 8vb) and middleCPosition. To override the text of the bracket, set ottavation after invoking \ottava.

Short text is especially useful when a brief ottava is used.

{
  c'2
  \ottava 1
  \set Staff.ottavation = "8"
  c''2
  \ottava 0
  c'1
  \ottava 1
  \set Staff.ottavation = "Text"
  c''1
}

Modifica dell’intervallo dell’ambitus

È possibile cambiare le impostazioni predefinite dell’intervallo tra le teste di nota dell’ambitus e la linea che le collega.

\layout {
  \context {
    \Voice
    \consists "Ambitus_engraver"
  }
}

\new Staff {
  \time 2/4
  % Default setting
  c'4 g''
}

\new Staff {
  \time 2/4
  \override AmbitusLine.gap = 0
  c'4 g''
}

\new Staff {
  \time 2/4
  \override AmbitusLine.gap = 1
  c'4 g''
}

\new Staff {
  \time 2/4
  \override AmbitusLine.gap = 1.5
  c'4 g''
}

Changing the interval of lines on the stave

staffLineLayoutFunction is used to change the position of notes. This snippet shows setting its value to ly:pitch-semitones in order to produce a chromatic scale with the distance between each space and line of the stave equal to one semitone.

scale = \relative c' {
  a4 ais b c
  cis4 d dis e
  f4 fis g gis
  a1
}

\new Staff \with {
  \remove "Accidental_engraver"
  staffLineLayoutFunction = #ly:pitch-semitones
}
{
  <<
    \scale
    \context NoteNames {
      \set printOctaveNames = ##f
      \scale
    }
  >>
}

Clefs can be transposed by arbitrary amounts

Clefs can be transposed by arbitrary amounts, not just by octaves.

\relative c' {
  \clef treble
  c4 c c c
  \clef "treble_8"
  c4 c c c
  \clef "treble_5"
  c4 c c c
  \clef "treble^3"
  c4 c c c
}

Coloring notes depending on their pitch

It is possible to color note heads depending on their pitch and/or their names: the function used in this example even makes it possible to distinguish enharmonics.

% Association list of pitches to colors.
#(define color-mapping
   (list
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 0 NATURAL) (x11-color 'red))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 0 SHARP) (x11-color 'green))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 1 FLAT) (x11-color 'green))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 2 NATURAL) (x11-color 'red))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 2 SHARP) (x11-color 'green))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 3 FLAT) (x11-color 'red))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 3 NATURAL) (x11-color 'green))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 4 SHARP) (x11-color 'red))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 5 NATURAL) (x11-color 'green))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 5 FLAT) (x11-color 'red))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 6 SHARP) (x11-color 'red))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 1 NATURAL) (x11-color 'blue))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 3 SHARP) (x11-color 'blue))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 4 FLAT) (x11-color 'blue))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 5 SHARP) (x11-color 'blue))
    (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 6 FLAT) (x11-color 'blue))))

% Compare pitch and alteration (not octave).
#(define (pitch-equals? p1 p2)
   (and
    (= (ly:pitch-alteration p1) (ly:pitch-alteration p2))
    (= (ly:pitch-notename p1) (ly:pitch-notename p2))))

#(define (pitch-to-color pitch)
   (let ((color (assoc pitch color-mapping pitch-equals?)))
     (if color
         (cdr color))))

#(define (color-notehead grob)
   (pitch-to-color
    (ly:event-property (event-cause grob) 'pitch)))

\score {
  \new Staff \relative c' {
    \override NoteHead.color = #color-notehead
    c8 b d dis ees f g aes
  }
}

Creating a sequence of notes on various pitches

In music that contains many occurrences of the same sequence of notes at different pitches, the following music function may prove useful. It takes a note, of which only the pitch is used.

This example creates the rhythm used throughout Mars, from Gustav Holst’s The Planets.

rhythm =
#(define-music-function (p) (ly:pitch?)
   "Make the rhythm in Mars (the Planets) at the given pitch"
  #{ \tuplet 3/2 { $p 8 8 8 } 4 4 8 8 4 #})

\new Staff {
  \time 5/4
  \rhythm c'
  \rhythm c''
  \rhythm g
}

Creating custom key signatures

LilyPond supports custom key signatures. In this example, print for D minor and D major with an extended range of shown flats.

\new Staff \with {
  \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #8
  \override KeySignature.flat-positions = #'((-7 . 6))
  \override KeyCancellation.flat-positions = #'((-7 . 6))
  \override KeySignature.sharp-positions = #'((-6 . 7))
  \override KeyCancellation.sharp-positions = #'((-6 . 7))

  \override Clef.stencil =
    #(lambda (grob)
        (grob-interpret-markup grob
           #{ \markup\combine
                \musicglyph "clefs.C"
                \translate #'(-3 . -2)
                  \musicglyph "clefs.F"
           #}))
    clefPosition = #3
    middleCPosition = #3
    middleCClefPosition = #3
}

{
  \key d\minor f bes, f bes, |
  \key d\major fis b, fis b, |
}

Direction of merged ‘fa’ shape note heads

Using property NoteCollision.fa-merge-direction, the direction of “fa” shape note heads (“fa”, “faThin”, etc.) can be controlled independently of the stem direction if two voices with the same pitch and different stem directions are merged. If this property is not set, the “down” glyph variant is used.

{
  \clef bass

  << { \aikenHeads
       f2
       \override Staff.NoteCollision.fa-merge-direction = #UP
       f2 }
  \\ { \aikenHeads
       f2
       f2 }
  >>
}

Force a cancellation natural before accidentals

The following example shows how to force a natural sign before an accidental.

\relative c' {
  \key es \major
  bes c des
  \tweak Accidental.restore-first ##t
  eis
}

Forcing a clef symbol to be displayed

When a clef sign has already been displayed and it has not been changed to a different clef, then repeating the \clef command will be ignored by LilyPond, since it is not a change of clef. It is possible to force the clef to be redisplayed using the command \set Staff.forceClef = ##t.

\relative c' {
  \clef treble
  c1
  \clef treble
  c1
  \set Staff.forceClef = ##t
  c1
  \clef treble
  c1
}

Generating random notes

This Scheme-based snippet generates random notes. Use as

\randomNotes n from to dur

to generate n random notes between pitches from and to, with duration dur.

randomNotes =
#(define-music-function (n from to dur)
   (integer? ly:pitch? ly:pitch? ly:duration?)
   (let ((from-step (ly:pitch-steps from))
         (to-step (ly:pitch-steps to)))
     (make-sequential-music
      (map (lambda (_)
             (let* ((step (+ from-step
                             (random (- to-step from-step))))
                    (pitch (ly:make-pitch 0 step 0)))
               #{ $pitch $dur #}))
           (iota n)))))

\randomNotes 24 c' g'' 8

Nascondere le alterazioni delle note con legatura di valore all’inizio di un nuovo sistema

Questo frammento mostra come nascondere le alterazioni delle note unite alla figura precedente mediante una legatura di valore all’inizio di un nuovo sistema

\relative c'' {
  \override Accidental.hide-tied-accidental-after-break = ##t
  cis1~ cis~
  \break
  cis
}

Keep change clefs full-sized

When a clef changes, the clef sign displayed is smaller than the initial clef. This can be overridden by setting the context property full-size-change to #t.

\relative c' {
  \clef "treble"
  c1
  \clef "bass"
  c1
  \clef "treble"
  c1
  \override Staff.Clef.full-size-change = ##t
  \clef "bass"
  c1
  \clef "treble"
  c1
  \revert Staff.Clef.full-size-change
  \clef "bass"
  c1
  \clef "treble"
  c1
}

Esempio di makam

Makam è un tipo di melodia proveniente dalla Turchia che usa alterazioni microtonali di 1/9. Consultare il file di inizializzazione ‘ly/makam.ly’ per vedere come sono definiti i nomi delle altezze e le alterazioni.

\include "makam.ly"

\relative c' {
  \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((6 . ,(- KOMA)) (3 . ,BAKIYE))
  c4 cc db fk
  gbm4 gfc gfb efk
  fk4 db cc c
}

Modificare l’inclinazione dell’estensore dell’ottava

È possibile cambiare l’inclinazione dell’estensore dell’ottava.

\relative c'' {
  \override Staff.OttavaBracket.stencil = #ly:line-spanner::print
  \override Staff.OttavaBracket.bound-details =
    #`((left . ((Y . 0)
                (attach-dir . ,LEFT)
                (padding . 0)
                (stencil-align-dir-y . ,CENTER)))
       (right . ((Y . 5.0) ; Change the number here
                 (padding . 0)
                 (attach-dir . ,RIGHT)
                 (text . ,(make-draw-dashed-line-markup
                           (cons 0 -1.2))))))
  \override Staff.OttavaBracket.left-bound-info =
     #ly:horizontal-line-spanner::calc-left-bound-info-and-text
  \override Staff.OttavaBracket.right-bound-info =
     #ly:horizontal-line-spanner::calc-right-bound-info
  \ottava 1
  c1
  c'''1
}

Armature di chiave non tradizionali

Il comando \key comunemente usato imposta la proprietà keyAlterations del contesto Staff. Per creare armature di chiave non standard, tale proprietà va impostata esplicitamente.

Il formato di questo comando è una lista:

\set Staff.keyAlterations = #`(((ottava . grado) . alterazione) ((ottava . grado) . alterazione) ...)

dove, per ogni elemento della lista, ottava indica l’ottava (0 è l’ottava dal Do centrale al Si precedente), grado indica la nota all’interno dell’ottava (0 significa Do e 6 significa Si) e alterazione può essere ,SHARP ,FLAT ,DOUBLE-SHARP etc.

Altrimenti, usando il formato breve per ogni elemento della lista, (grado . alterazione), ciò indica che la stessa alterazione deve essere presente in tutte le ottave. Per le scale microtonalidove un “diesis” non è 100 centesimi, alterazione si riferisce alla proporzione di un duecentesimo di tono intero.

\include "arabic.ly"

\relative do' {
  \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((0 . ,SEMI-FLAT)
                                 (1 . ,SEMI-FLAT)
                                 (2 . ,FLAT)
                                 (5 . ,FLAT)
                                 (6 . ,SEMI-FLAT))
  % \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f
  re reb \dwn reb resd
  dod dob dosd \dwn dob |
  dobsb dodsd do do |
}

Numeri dentro le teste di nota

Le teste di nota con nome della nota usano la proprietà note-names dell’oggetto NoteHead per determinare cosa appaia all’interno della testa. È possibile sovrascrivere questa proprietà e mostrare numeri corrispondenti ai gradi della scala.

Si può creare un semplice incisore che faccia questo per ogni oggetto testa di nota che incontra.

#(define Ez_numbers_engraver
   (make-engraver
    (acknowledgers
     ((note-head-interface engraver grob source-engraver)
      (let* ((context (ly:translator-context engraver))
             (tonic-pitch (ly:context-property context 'tonic))
             (tonic-name (ly:pitch-notename tonic-pitch))
             (grob-pitch
              (ly:event-property (event-cause grob) 'pitch))
             (grob-name (ly:pitch-notename grob-pitch))
             (delta (modulo (- grob-name tonic-name) 7))
             (note-names
              (make-vector 7 (number->string (1+ delta)))))
        (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'note-names note-names))))))

#(set-global-staff-size 30)

\layout {
  ragged-right = ##t
  \context {
    \Voice
    \consists \Ez_numbers_engraver
  }
}

\relative c' {
  \easyHeadsOn
  c4 d e f
  g4 a b c \break

  \key a \major
  a,4 b cis d
  e4 fis gis a \break

  \key d \dorian
  d,4 e f g
  a4 b c d
}

Modello per orchestra, coro e pianoforte

Questo modello mostra come usare i contesti annidati StaffGroup e GrandStaff per creare sottogruppi degli strumenti dello stesso tipo. Mostra anche come usare \transpose in modo che le variabili mantengano la musica per gli strumenti traspositori nell’intonazione reale.

#(set-global-staff-size 17)

\paper {
  indent = 3.0\cm  % add space for instrumentName
  short-indent = 1.5\cm  % add less space for shortInstrumentName
}

fluteMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b }

% Pitches as written on a manuscript for Clarinet in A
% are transposed to concert pitch.
clarinetMusic = \transpose c' a
  \relative c'' { \key bes \major bes1 d }

trumpetMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g''1 b }

% Key signature is often omitted for horns
hornMusic = \transpose c' f
  \relative c { d'1 fis }

percussionMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g1 b }

sopranoMusic = \relative c'' { \key g \major g'1 b }
sopranoLyrics = \lyricmode { Lyr -- ics }

altoIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b }
altoILyrics = \sopranoLyrics
altoIIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b }
altoIILyrics = \lyricmode { Ah -- ah }

tenorMusic = \relative c' { \clef "treble_8" \key g \major g1 b }
tenorLyrics = \sopranoLyrics

pianoRHMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g''1 b }
pianoLHMusic = \relative c { \clef bass \key g \major g1 b }

violinIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b }
violinIIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b }

violaMusic = \relative c { \clef alto \key g \major g'1 b }

celloMusic = \relative c { \clef bass \key g \major g1 b }

bassMusic = \relative c { \clef "bass_8" \key g \major g,1 b }

\book {
  \score {
    <<
      \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_woodwinds" <<
        \new Staff = "Staff_flute" \with { instrumentName = "Flute" }
          \fluteMusic

        \new Staff = "Staff_clarinet" \with {
          instrumentName = \markup { \concat { "Clarinet in B" \flat } }
        }
          % Declare that written Middle C in the music
          % to follow sounds a concert B flat, for
          % output using sounded pitches such as MIDI.
          %\transposition bes

          % Print music for a B-flat clarinet
          \transpose bes c' \clarinetMusic
      >>

      \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_brass" <<
        \new Staff = "Staff_hornI" \with {
          instrumentName = "Horn in F"
        }
          % \transposition f
          \transpose f c' \hornMusic

        \new Staff = "Staff_trumpet" \with {
          instrumentName = "Trumpet in  C"
        }
          \trumpetMusic
      >>

      \new RhythmicStaff = "RhythmicStaff_percussion" \with {
        instrumentName = "Percussion"
      }
        \percussionMusic

      \new PianoStaff \with {
        instrumentName = "Piano"
      } <<
        \new Staff { \pianoRHMusic }
        \new Staff { \pianoLHMusic }
      >>

      \new ChoirStaff = "ChoirStaff_choir" <<
        \new Staff = "Staff_soprano" \with {
          instrumentName = "Soprano"
        }
          \new Voice = "soprano" \sopranoMusic
          \new Lyrics \lyricsto "soprano" { \sopranoLyrics }

        \new GrandStaff = "GrandStaff_altos" \with {
          \accepts Lyrics
        } <<
          \new Staff = "Staff_altoI" \with {
            instrumentName = "Alto I"
          }
            \new Voice = "altoI"
            \altoIMusic
            \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altoI" { \altoILyrics }
          \new Staff = "Staff_altoII" \with {
            instrumentName = "Alto II"
          }
            \new Voice = "altoII"
            \altoIIMusic
            \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altoII" { \altoIILyrics }
        >>

        \new Staff = "Staff_tenor" \with {
          instrumentName = "Tenor"
        }
          \new Voice = "tenor" \tenorMusic
          \new Lyrics \lyricsto "tenor" { \tenorLyrics }
      >>

      \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_strings" <<
        \new GrandStaff = "GrandStaff_violins" <<
          \new Staff = "Staff_violinI" \with {
            instrumentName = "Violin I"
          }
            \violinIMusic
          \new Staff = "Staff_violinII" \with {
            instrumentName = "Violin II"
          }
            \violinIIMusic
        >>

        \new Staff = "Staff_viola" \with {
          instrumentName = "Viola"
        }
          \violaMusic

        \new Staff = "Staff_cello" \with {
          instrumentName = "Cello"
        }
          \celloMusic

        \new Staff = "Staff_bass" \with {
          instrumentName = "Double Bass"
        }
          \bassMusic
      >>
    >>
  }
}

Impedire l’inserimento automatico dei bequadri supplementari

Secondo le norme tipografiche tradizionali, un segno di bequadro viene inserito prima di un diesis o di un bemolle se un precedente doppio diesis o bemolle sulla stessa nota è cancellato. Per cambiare questo comportamento e seguire la pratica contemporanea, si imposta la proprietà extraNatural su f (falso) nel contesto Staff.

\relative c'' {
  aeses4 aes ais a
  \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f
  aeses4 aes ais a
}

Impedire l’inserimento dei segni di bequadro quando cambia l’armatura di chiave

Quando l’armatura di chiave cambia, vengono inseriti automaticamente i segni di bequadro per annulare le alterazioni di precedenti armature. Si può evitare questo comportamento impostando su f (falso) la proprietà printKeyCancellation nel contesto Staff.

\relative c' {
  \key d \major
  a4 b cis d
  \key g \minor
  a4 bes c d
  \set Staff.printKeyCancellation = ##f
  \key d \major
  a4 b cis d
  \key g \minor
  a4 bes c d
}

Quoting another voice with transposition

Quotations take into account the transposition of both source and target. In this example, all instruments play sounding middle c; the target is an instrument in f. The target part may be transposed using \transpose. In this case, all the pitches (including the quoted ones) are transposed.

\addQuote clarinet {
  \transposition bes
  \repeat unfold 8 { d'16 d' d'8 }
}

\addQuote sax {
  \transposition es'
  \repeat unfold 16 { a8 }
}

quoteTest = {
  % french horn
  \transposition f
  g'4
  << \quoteDuring "clarinet" { \skip 4 } s4^"clar." >>
  << \quoteDuring "sax" { \skip 4 } s4^"sax." >>
  g'4
}

{
  \new Staff \with {
    instrumentName = \markup { \column { Horn "in F" } }
  }
  \quoteTest
  \transpose c' d' << \quoteTest s4_"up a tone" >>
}

Separating key cancellations from key signature changes

By default, the accidentals used for key cancellations are placed adjacent to those for key signature changes. This behavior can be changed by overriding the break-align-orders property of the BreakAlignment grob.

The value of break-align-orders is a vector of length 3, with quoted lists of breakable items as elements. Each list describes the default order of prefatory matter at the end, in the middle, and at the beginning of a line, respectively. We are only interested in changing the behaviour in the middle of a line.

If you look up the definition of break-align-orders in LilyPond’s Internal Reference (see the BreakAlignment grob), you get the following order in the second element:

...
staff-bar
key-cancellation
key-signature
...

We want to change that, moving key-cancellation before staff-bar. To make this happen we use the grob-transformer function, which gives us access to the original vector as the second argument of the lambda function, here called orig (we don’t need the first argument, grob). We return a new vector, with unchanged first and last elements. For the middle element, we first remove key-cancellation from the list, then adding it again before staff-bar.

#(define (insert-before where what lst)
   (cond
    ((null? lst)           ; If the list is empty,
     (list what))          ; return a single-element list.
    ((eq? where (car lst)) ; If we find symbol `where`,
     (cons what lst))      ; insert `what` before curr. position.
    (else                  ; Otherwise keep building the list by
     (cons (car lst)       ; adding the current element and
                           ; recursing with the next element.
           (insert-before where what (cdr lst))))))

cancellationFirst =
\override Score.BreakAlignment.break-align-orders =
#(grob-transformer
  'break-align-orders
  (lambda (grob orig)
    (let* ((middle (vector-ref orig 1))
           (middle (delq 'key-cancellation middle))
           (middle (insert-before
                    'staff-bar 'key-cancellation middle)))
      (vector
       ;; end of line
       (vector-ref orig 0)
       ;; middle of line
       middle
       ;; beginning of line
       (vector-ref orig 2)))))

music = { \key es \major d'1 \bar "||"
          \key a \major d'1 }

{ <>^\markup "default"
  \music }

{ <>^\markup "cancellation first"
  \cancellationFirst
  \music }

Transposing pitches with minimum accidentals (“smart” transpose)

This example uses some Scheme code to enforce enharmonic modifications for notes in order to have the minimum number of accidentals. In this case, the following rules apply:

• double accidentals should be removed
• b sharp → c
• e sharp → f
• c flat → b
• f flat → e

In this manner, the most natural enharmonic notes are chosen.

#(define (naturalize-pitch p)
   (let ((o (ly:pitch-octave p))
         ;; `ly:pitch-alteration` returns quarter tone steps.
         (a (* 4 (ly:pitch-alteration p)))
         (n (ly:pitch-notename p)))
     (cond
      ((and (> a 1)
            (or (eqv? n 6) (eqv? n 2)))
       (set! a (- a 2))
       (set! n (+ n 1)))
      ((and (< a -1)
            (or (eqv? n 0) (eqv? n 3)))
       (set! a (+ a 2))
       (set! n (- n 1))))
     (cond
      ((> a 2)
       (set! a (- a 4))
       (set! n (+ n 1)))
      ((< a -2)
       (set! a (+ a 4))
       (set! n (- n 1))))
     (when (< n 0)
       (set! o (- o 1))
       (set! n (+ n 7)))
     (when (> n 6)
       (set! o (+ o 1))
       (set! n (- n 7)))
     (ly:make-pitch o n (/ a 4))))

#(define (naturalize music)
   (let ((es (ly:music-property music 'elements))
         (e (ly:music-property music 'element))
         (p (ly:music-property music 'pitch)))
     (when (pair? es)
       (ly:music-set-property! music 'elements
                               (map naturalize es)))
     (when (ly:music? e)
       (ly:music-set-property! music 'element
                               (naturalize e)))
     (when (ly:pitch? p)
       (set! p (naturalize-pitch p))
       (ly:music-set-property! music 'pitch p))
     music))

naturalizeMusic =
#(define-music-function (m) (ly:music?)
   (naturalize m))

music = \relative c' { c4 d e g }

\new Staff {
  \transpose c ais { \music }
  \naturalizeMusic \transpose c ais { \music }
  \transpose c deses { \music }
  \naturalizeMusic \transpose c deses { \music }
}

Turkish Makam example

This template uses the start of a well-known Turkish Saz Semai that is familiar in the repertoire in order to illustrate some of the elements of Turkish music notation.

#(set-default-paper-size "a6" 'landscape)

\include "turkish-makam.ly"

\header {
  title = "Hüseyni Saz Semaisi"
  composer = "Lavtacı Andon"
  tagline = ##f
}

\relative {
  \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f
  \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f

  \key a \huseyni
  \time 10/8

  a'4 g'16[ fb] e8.[ d16] d[ c d e] c[ d c8] bfc |
  a16[ bfc a8] bfc c16[ d c8] d16[ e d8] e4 fb8 |
  d4 a'8 a16[ g fb e] fb8[ g] a8.[ b16] a16[ g] |
  g4 g16[ fb] fb8.[ e16] e[ g fb e] e4 r8 |
}

\layout {
  indent = 0
}

Modifiche manuali della proprietà della chiave

Cambiando il glifo della chiave, la sua posizione o l’ottavazione non cambia la posizione delle note successive nel rigo. Per far sì che le armature di chiave si trovino sulle linee del rigo corrette, bisogna specificare anche middleCPosition, con valori positivi o negativi che spostano il Do centrale rispettivamente su o giù in senso relativo alla linea centrale del rigo.

Per esempio, \clef "treble_8" equivale a impostare clefGlyph, clefPosition (che regola la posizione verticale della chiave), middleCPosition e clefTransposition. Viene stampata una chiave quando cambia una di queste proprietà, eccetto middleCPosition.

Gli esempi seguenti mostrano le possibilità date dall’impostazione manuale di tali proprietà. Sulla prima linea le modifiche manuali preservano il posizionamento relativo standard di chiavi e note, mentre sulla seconda linea non lo fanno.

{
  % The default treble clef.
  \key f \major
  c'1
  % The standard bass clef
  \set Staff.clefGlyph = "clefs.F"
  \set Staff.clefPosition = 2
  \set Staff.middleCPosition = 6
  \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = 6
  \key g \major
  c'1
  % The baritone clef.
  \set Staff.clefGlyph = "clefs.C"
  \set Staff.clefPosition = 4
  \set Staff.middleCPosition = 4
  \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = 4
  \key f \major
  c'1
  % The standard choral tenor clef.
  \set Staff.clefGlyph = "clefs.G"
  \set Staff.clefPosition = -2
  \set Staff.clefTransposition = -7
  \set Staff.middleCPosition = 1
  \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = 1
  \key f \major
  c'1
  % A non-standard clef.
  \set Staff.clefPosition = 0
  \set Staff.clefTransposition = 0
  \set Staff.middleCPosition = -4
  \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = -4
  \key g \major
  c'1 \break

  % The following clef changes do not preserve
  % the normal relationship between notes, key signatures
  % and clefs.
  \set Staff.clefGlyph = "clefs.F"
  \set Staff.clefPosition = 2
  c'1
  \set Staff.clefGlyph = "clefs.G"
  c'1
  \set Staff.clefGlyph = "clefs.C"
  c'1
  \set Staff.clefTransposition = 7
  c'1
  \set Staff.clefTransposition = 0
  \set Staff.clefPosition = 0
  c'1

  % Return to the normal clef.
  \set Staff.middleCPosition = 0
  c'1
}

Using \autoChange with more than one voice

Here is a demonstration of how to use \autoChange with more than one voice.

\score {
  \new PianoStaff
  <<
    \new Staff = "up" {
      <<
        \set Timing.beamExceptions = #'()
        \set Timing.beatStructure = #'(4)
        \new Voice {
          \voiceOne
          \autoChange
          \relative c' {
            g8 a b c d e f g
            g,8 a b c d e f g
          }
        }

        \new Voice {
          \voiceTwo
          \autoChange
          \relative c' {
            g8 a b c d e f g
            g,,8 a b c d e f g
          }
        }
      >>
    }

    \new Staff = "down" {
      \clef bass
    }
  >>
}

Adding beams, slurs, ties, etc., when using tuplet and non-tuplet rhythms

LilyPond primarily uses postfix syntax for inputting parentheses, brackets, etc., which might feel unintuitive for novices.

For example, when entering a manual beam, the left square bracket has to be placed after the starting note and its duration, not before. Similarly, the right square bracket should directly follow the note which is to be at the end of the requested beaming, even if this note happens to be inside a tuplet section.

This snippet demonstrates how to combine manual beaming, manual slurs, ties, and phrasing slurs with tuplet sections (enclosed within curly braces).

{
  r16[ g16 \tuplet 3/2 { r16 e'8] }
  g16( a \tuplet 3/2 { b d' e') }
  g8[( a \tuplet 3/2 { b d') e']\( ~ }
  \time 2/4
  \tuplet 5/4 { e'32 a b d' e' } a'4.\)
}

Adding drum parts

Using the powerful pre-configured tools such as the \drummode function and the DrumStaff context, inputting drum parts is quite easy: drums are placed at their own staff positions (with a special clef symbol) and have note heads according to the drum. Attaching an extra symbol to the drum or restricting the number of lines is possible.

drh = \drummode {
        cymc4.^"crash" hhc16^"h.h." hh hhc8 hho hhc8 hh16 hh
        hhc4 r4 r2
      }
drl = \drummode {
        bd4 sn8 bd bd4 << bd ss >>
        bd8 tommh tommh bd toml toml bd tomfh16 tomfh
      }
timb = \drummode {
         timh4 ssh timl8 ssh r timh r4
         ssh8 timl r4 cb8 cb
       }

\score {
  <<
    \new DrumStaff \with {
      instrumentName = "timbales"
      drumStyleTable = #timbales-style
      \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #2
      \override BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1 . 1)
    }
    <<
      \timb
    >>
    \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = "drums" }
    <<
      \new DrumVoice { \stemUp \drh }
      \new DrumVoice { \stemDown \drl }
    >>
  >>
  \layout { }
  \midi { \tempo 4 = 120 }
}

Adjusting grace note spacing

The space given to grace notes can be adjusted using the spacing-increment property of Score.GraceSpacing.

graceNotes = {
  \grace { c4 c8 c16 c32 }
  c8
}

\relative c'' {
  c8
  \graceNotes
  \override Score.GraceSpacing.spacing-increment = #2.0
  \graceNotes
  \revert Score.GraceSpacing.spacing-increment
  \graceNotes
}

Allineare i numeri di battuta

Per impostazione predefinita i numeri di battuta sono allineati a destra rispetto al loro oggetto genitore. Di solito si tratta del margine sinistro della linea oppure, se i numeri appaiono all’interno della linea, del lato sinistro della stanghetta. I numeri possono essere posizionati anche direttamente sopra la stanghetta oppure allineati a sinistra della stanghetta.

\relative c' {
  \set Score.currentBarNumber = 111
  \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #all-visible
  % Increase the size of the bar number by 2
  \override Score.BarNumber.font-size = 2
  % Print a bar number every second measure
  \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2)

  c1 | c1 | c1 | \break
  c1 | c1 | c1 | \break

  \override Score.BarNumber.self-alignment-X =
    #(break-alignment-list CENTER RIGHT CENTER)
  c1 | c1 | c1 | \break
  c1 | c1 | c1 |
}

\paper {
  line-width = 70\mm
}

Note brevi alternative

Le note brevi sono disponibili anche con due linee verticali su ciascun lato della testa invece di una sola e in stile barocco.

\relative c'' {
  \time 4/2
  c\breve |
  \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'altdefault
  b\breve
  \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'baroque
  b\breve
  \revert Staff.NoteHead.style
  a\breve
}