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5.4.3 Outside-staff objects
Outside-staff objects are automatically placed to avoid collisions. There are several ways to override the automatic placement if the positioning is not optimum.
The outside-staff-priority property | ||
The \textLengthOn command | ||
Dynamics placement | ||
Grob sizing |
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[ < Outside-staff objects ] | [ 上 : Outside-staff objects ] | [ The textLengthOn command > ] |
The outside-staff-priority
property
Objects with the lower value of the outside-staff-priority
property are placed nearer to the staff, and other outside-staff
objects are then raised as far as necessary to avoid collisions.
The outside-staff-priority
is defined in the
grob-interface
and so is a property of all layout objects.
By default it is set to #f
for all within-staff objects,
and to a numerical value appropriate to each outside-staff object
when the object is created. See
outside-staff-priority
Default values for outside-staff-priority for an exhaustive table.
Note the unusual names for some of the objects: spanner objects
are automatically created to control the vertical positioning of
grobs which (might) start and end at different musical moments, so
changing the outside-staff-priority
of the underlying grob
will have no effect. For example, changing
outside-staff-priority
of the Hairpin
object will
have no effect on the vertical positioning of hairpins – you must
change outside-staff-priority
of the associated
DynamicLineSpanner
object instead. This override must be
placed at the start of the spanner, which might include several
linked hairpins and dynamics.
Here is an example showing the default placement of some of these.
% Set details for later Text Spanner \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \small \bold Slower } % Place dynamics above staff \dynamicUp % Start Ottava Bracket \ottava #1 c''4 \startTextSpan % Add Dynamic Text and hairpin c''4\pp\< c''4 % Add Text Script c''4^Text | c''4 c'' % Add Dynamic Text and terminate hairpin c''4\ff c'' \stopTextSpan | % Stop Ottava Bracket \ottava #0 c'4 c' c' c' |
This example also shows how to create Text Spanners –
text with extender lines above a section of music. The
spanner extends from the \startTextSpan
command to
the \stopTextSpan
command, and the format of the
text is defined by the \override TextSpanner
command.
For more details see
Text spanners.
It also shows how ottava brackets are created.
If the default values of outside-staff-priority
do not give you
the placing you want, the priority of any of the objects may be
overridden. Suppose we would like the ottava bracket to be placed
below the text spanner in the example above. All we need to do is to
look up the priority of OttavaBracket
in the table at
Default values for outside-staff-priority or in the IR, and
reduce it to a value lower than that of a TextSpanner
,
remembering that OttavaBracket
is created in the Staff
context:
% Set details for later Text Spanner \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \small \bold Slower } % Place dynamics above staff \dynamicUp % Place following Ottava Bracket below Text Spanners \once \override Staff.OttavaBracket.outside-staff-priority = #340 % Start Ottava Bracket \ottava #1 c''4 \startTextSpan % Add Dynamic Text c''4\pp % Add Dynamic Line Spanner c''4\< % Add Text Script c''4^Text | c''4 c'' % Add Dynamic Text c''4\ff c'' \stopTextSpan | % Stop Ottava Bracket \ottava #0 c'4 c' c' c' |
Note that some of these objects, in particular bar numbers,
metronome marks and rehearsal marks, live by default in the
Score
context, so be sure to use the correct context
when these are being overriden.
Slurs by default are classed as within-staff objects, but
they often appear above the staff if the notes to
which they are attached are high on the staff. This can push
outside-staff objects such as articulations too high, as the slur
will be placed first. The avoid-slur
property of the
articulation can be set to 'inside
to bring the articulation
inside the slur, but the avoid-slur
property is effective
only if the outside-staff-priority
is also set to #f
.
Alternatively, the outside-staff-priority
of the slur
can be set to a numerical value to cause it to be placed along with
other outside-staff objects according to that value. Here’s an
example showing the effect of the two methods:
\relative c'' { c4( c^\markup { \tiny \sharp } d4.) c8 | c4( \once \override TextScript.avoid-slur = #'inside \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f c4^\markup { \tiny \sharp } d4.) c8 | \once \override Slur.outside-staff-priority = #500 c4( c^\markup { \tiny \sharp } d4.) c8 | }
Changing the outside-staff-priority
can also be used to
control the vertical placement of individual objects, although
the results may not always be desirable. Suppose we would
like “Text3” to be placed above “Text4” in the example
under Automatic behavior, above (see Automatic behavior).
All we need to do is to look up the priority of TextScript
in the IR or in the tables above, and increase the priority of
“Text3” to a higher value:
c''2^"Text1" c''2^"Text2" | \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = #500 c''2^"Text3" c''2^"Text4" |
This certainly lifts “Text3” above “Text4” but it also lifts it
above “Text2”, and “Text4” now drops down. Perhaps this is not
so good. What we would really like to do is to position all the
annotation at the same distance above the staff. To do this, we
clearly will need to space the notes out horizontally to make more
room for the text. This is done using the textLengthOn
command.
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The \textLengthOn
command
By default, text produced by markup takes up no horizontal space
as far as laying out the music is concerned. The \textLengthOn
command reverses this behavior, causing the notes to be spaced
out as far as is necessary to accommodate the text:
\textLengthOn % Cause notes to space out to accommodate text c''2^"Text1" c''2^"Text2" | c''2^"Text3" c''2^"Text4" |
The command to revert to the default behavior is
\textLengthOff
. Alternatively, \once
may be used
with \textLengthOn
if the effect is to be limited to just a
single musical moment.
The corresponding spacing behavior for rehearsal marks and tempo
indications is independently controlled with the commands
\markLengthOn
and \markLengthOff
.
Markup text will also avoid notes which project above the staff.
If this is not desired, the automatic displacement upwards may
be turned off by setting the priority to #f
. Here’s an
example to show how markup text interacts with such notes.
\relative { % This markup is short enough to fit without collision c''2^"Tex" c'' | R1 | % This is too long to fit, so it is displaced upwards c,,2^"Text" c'' | R1 | % Turn off collision avoidance \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f c,,2^"Long Text " c'' | R1 | % Turn off collision avoidance \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f \textLengthOn % and turn on textLengthOn c,,2^"Long Text " % Spaces at end are honored c''2 | }
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Dynamics placement
Dynamic markings will normally be positioned beneath the
staff, but may be positioned above with the \dynamicUp
command. They will be positioned vertically relative to the
note to which they are attached, and will float below (or above)
all within-staff objects such as phrasing slurs and bar numbers.
This can give quite acceptable results, as this example
shows:
\relative { \clef "bass" \key aes \major \time 9/8 \dynamicUp bes4.~\f\< \( bes4 bes8 des4\ff\> c16 bes\! | ees,2.~\)\mf ees4 r8 | }
However, if the notes and attached dynamics are close together the automatic placement will avoid collisions by displacing later dynamic markings further away, but this may not be the optimum placement, as this rather artificial example shows:
\dynamicUp \relative { a'4\f b\mf a\mp b\p }
Should a similar situation arise in ‘real’ music, it may be
preferable to space out the notes a little further, so the dynamic
markings can all fit at the same vertical distance from the staff. We
were able to do this for markup text by using the \textLengthOn
command, but there is no equivalent command for dynamic marks. So we
shall have to work out how to do this using \override
commands.
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Grob sizing
First we must learn how grobs are sized. All grobs have a
reference point defined within them which is used to position
them relative to their parent object. This point in the grob
is then positioned at a horizontal distance, X-offset
,
and at a vertical distance, Y-offset
, from its parent.
The horizontal extent of the object is given by a pair of
numbers, X-extent
, which say where the left and right
edges are relative to the reference point. The vertical extent
is similarly defined by a pair of numbers, Y-extent
.
These are properties of all grobs which support the
grob-interface
.
By default, outside-staff objects are given a width of zero so
that they may overlap in the horizontal direction. This is done
by the trick of making the leftmost extent infinity and
the rightmost extent minus infinity by setting the
extra-spacing-width
to '(+inf.0 . -inf.0)
. To
ensure they do not overlap in the horizontal direction we
must override this value of extra-spacing-width
to give them
a little extra spacing. The units are the space between two staff
lines, so moving the left edge half a unit to the left and the
right edge half a unit to the right should do it:
\override DynamicText.extra-spacing-width = #'(-0.5 . 0.5)
Let’s see if this works in our previous example:
\dynamicUp % Extend width by 1 staff space \override DynamicText.extra-spacing-width = #'(-0.5 . 0.5) \relative { a'4\f b\mf a\mp b\p }
This looks better, but maybe we would prefer the dynamic marks
to be aligned along the same baseline rather than going up and
down with the notes. The property to do this is
staff-padding
which is covered in the section on collisions
(see Collisions of objects).
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